Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners:
A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651-680. (Meta-analyses
of sex differences in physical aggression indicate that women were more likely
than men to “use one or more acts of physical aggression and to use such
acts more frequently.” In terms of injuries, women were somewhat more
likely to be injured, and analyses reveal that 62% of those injured were women.)
Callahan, M. R., Tolman, R. M., & Saunders, D. G. (2003). Adolescent dating
violence victimization and psychological well-being. Journal of Adolescent Research,
18(6), 664-681. (Subjects were 190 high school students <53% male; 47% female;
approximately 50% African-American> who completed a modified version of the
CTS2. In terms of injuries, 22% of girls and 17% of boys reported being injured
by their dating partners. Note this difference was nonsignificant.)
Capaldi, D. M. & Owen, L. D. (2001). Physical aggression in a community
sample of at-risk young couples: Gender comparisons for high frequency, injury,
and fear. Journal of Family Psychology, 15 (3), 425-440. Drawn from a community
based at-risk sample, 159 young couples were assessed with the Conflict Tactics
scale and measures of self reported injuries. Findings indicated that 9.4% of
men and 13.2% of women perpetrated frequent physical aggression toward their
partners. Contrary to expectations, 13% of men and 9% of women, indicated that
they were physically injured at least once. Authors report "2% of the men
and none of the women indicate that they had been hurt by their partners between
five and nine times."
Cascardi, M., Langhinrichsen, J., & Vivian, D. (1992). Marital aggression:
Impact, injury, and health correlates for husbands and wives. Archives of Internal
Medicine, 152, 1178-1184. (Examined 93 couples seeking marital therapy. Found
using the CTS and other information that 71% reported at least one incident
of physical aggression in past year. While men and women were equally likely
to perpetrate violence, women reported more severe injuries. Half of the wives
and two thirds of the husbands reported no injuries as a result of all aggression,
but wives sustained more injuries as a result of mild aggression.)
Felson, R. B. (2008). The legal consequences of intimate partner violence
for men and women. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 639-646. (Author
reports that "evidence does not support the idea that assaults by male
partners are particularly likely to be underreported or treated leniently. Rather,
the results suggest that offenders who assault women are more likely to suffer
legal consequences than those who assault men. . . ." In the article author
summarizes an unpublished study examining whether gender and marital status
affect whether people think the police should be notified about a partner assault.
In a telephone survey, 800 subjects responded to a scenario of an argument between
a couple in which one strikes the other, bruising their arm. Results indicate
that subjects were more likely <80% to 60%> to condemn men's assaults
on women than women's assaults on men, even though injuries were identical.)
Foshee, V. A. (1996). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence,
types and injuries. Health Education Research, 11 (3), 275-286. (Data collected
from 1965 adolescents in eighth and ninth grade in 14 schools in rural North
Carolina. Results reveal that 36.5% of dating females and 39.4% of dating males
report being victims of physical dating violence. In terms of perpetrating violence
27.8% of females while only 15.0% of males report perpetrating violence.)
Headey, B., Scott, D., & de Vaus, D. (1999). Domestic violence in Australia:
Are women and men equally violent? Data from the International Social Science
Survey/ Australia 1996/97 was examined. A sample of 1643 subjects (804 men,
839 women) responded to questions about their experience with domestic violence
in the past 12 months. Results reveal that 5.7% of men and 3.7% of women reported
being victims of domestic assaults. With regard to injuries results reveal that
women inflict serious injuries at least as frequently as men. For example 1.8%
of men and 1.2% of women reported that their injuries required first aid, while
1.5% of men and 1.1% of women reported that their injuries needed treatment
by a doctor or nurse.
Hines, D. A. & Douglas, E. M. (2010). Intimate terrorism by women towards
men: does it exist? Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 2, (3),
36-56. (Study investigates Johnson's theory of partner violence which differentiates
common couple violence <CCV> from intimate terrorism <IT>. Johnson
maintains IT is caused by patriarchy and primarily committed by men. The authors
examined a sample of 302 men who sought help as victims of partner violence
and compared their responses to the CTS2 and other measures to a sample of 520
men from the community. Female partners of the helpseeking sample were significantly
more likely to aggress against and injure their male partners than female partners
of the community sample. For example, males sustained injuries 5 to 1 in the
helpseeking sample <35% to 7%> and 1.5 to 1 <1.5% to 1%> in the
community sample. Authors indicate that the majority of male aggression in the
helpseeking sample was "likely a reaction to their female partner's violence."
Results were interpreted as a repudiation of Johnson's theory.)
Mechem, C. C., Shofer, F. S., Reinhard, S. S., Hornig, S., & Datner, E.
(1999). History of domestic violence among male patients presenting to an urban
emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 6, 786-791. (Data was collected
over a 13 week period at an emergency clinic in Philadelphia which focused on
injuries to male patients. Results revealed that 12.6% of 866 men were victims
of domestic violence. Authors cite published findings that 14.4% of women treated
in Emergency departments had been physically or sexually abused by an intimate
partner. Compared to non-victims, victims were more likely to be single <52%>,
younger <7.5 yrs> and African-American <61%>. In terms of assaults,
48% of men reported being kicked, bitten, chocked or punched by a female partner,
while 37% of men reported having a weapon used against them.)
Morse, B. J. (1995). Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: Assessing gender differences
in partner violence. Violence and Victims, 10 (4), 251-272. (Data was analyzed
from the National Youth Survey, a longitudinal study begun in 1976 with 1,725
subjects who were drawn from a probability sample of households in the United
States and who, in 1976, were between the ages of 11-17. This study focused
on violence as assessed by the CTS between male and female married or cohabiting
respondents during survey years 1983 <n=1,496>, 1986 <n=1,384>,
1989 <n=1,436>, and 1992 <n=1,340>. For each survey year the prevalence
rates of any violence and severe violence were significantly higher for female
to male than for male to female. For example, in 1983 the rate of any violence
male to female was 36.7, while the rate of any violence female to male was 48;
in 1986, the rate of severe violence male to female was 9.5, while the rate
of severe violence female to male was 22.8. In 1992, the rate of any violence
male to female was 20.2, with a severe violence rate male to female of 5.7;
while the rate of any violence female to male was 27.9, with a severe violence
rate female to male of 13.8. Author notes that the decline in violence over
time is attributed to the increase in age of the subjects. Results reveal <p.
163> that over twice as many women as men reported assaulting a partner who
had not assaulted them during the study year." In 1986 about 20% of both
men and women reported that assaults resulted in physical injuries. In other
years women were more likely to self report personal injuries.)
Rouse, L. P. (1988). Abuse in dating relationships: A comparison of Blacks,
Whites, and Hispanics. Journal of College Student Development, 29, 312-319.
(The use of physical force and its consequences were examined in a diverse sample
of college students. Subjects consisted of 130 whites <58 men, 72 women>,
64 Blacks <32 men, 32 women>, and 34 Hispanics <24 men, 10 women>.
Men were significantly more likely than women to report that their partners
used moderate physical force and caused a greater number of injuries requiring
medical attention. This gender difference was present for Whites and Blacks
but not for Hispanics.)
Straus, M. A. (2005). Women's violence toward men is a serious social problem.
In D. R. Loseke, R. J. Gelles, & M. M. Cavanaugh (Eds.), Current Controversies
on Family Violence, 2nd Edition, (pp. 55-77). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (A scholarly
review of research showing that women initiate physical assaults on their male
partners as frequently as men assault women. Examines the fact that injuries
and fatalities result from such violence.)
Straus, M. A., & Mouradian, V. E. (1999, November). Preliminary psychometric
data for the Personal Relationships Profile (PRP): A multi-scale tool for clinical
screening and research on partner violence. Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada. (In a study of 1,034
dating couples at two US universities, injury rates based on responses to the
revised CTS (CTS2) revealed that 9.9% of men and 9.4% of women report being
injured by the opposite sex. In terms of inflicting injuries, 10.1% men and
8.0% women indicated that they inflicted injuries on their partners.)
Sugihara, Y., & Warner, J. A. (2002). Dominance and domestic abuse among
Mexican Americans: gender differences in the etiology of violence in intimate
relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 17 (4), 315-340. (A sample of 316
Mexican Americans <161 men, 155 women> were evaluated with the CTS2. Subjects'
average age was in the mid 30's, most were married, and all were English-speakers.
Results reveal no differences in the victimization of physical assaults <35%
vs 37%>. However, a greater percentage of men <14 vs 10> reported physical
injuries.)
Vasquez, D., & Falcone, R. (1997). Cross gender violence. Annals of Emergency
Medicine, 29 (3), 427-429. (Reports equal cross gender violence treated at an
Ohio trauma center during an 11 mouth period. Of 1,400 trauma admissions, 37
patients <18 men, 19 women> sustained injuries inflicted by members of
the opposite sex. The severity score of injury was higher for men than women,
11.4 vs 6.9. The majority of men were admitted for stab wounds, 72%; the majority
of women for assault, 53%.)
Vivian, D., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). Are bi-directionally
violent couples mutually victimized? In L. K. Hamberger & C. Renzetti (Eds.)
Domestic partner abuse (pp. 23-52). New York: Springer. (Authors found using
a modified version of the CTS, that in a sample of 57 mutually aggressive couples,
there were no significant differences between husbands' and wives' reports concerning
the frequency and severity of assault victimization. With regard to injuries,
32 wives and 25 husbands reported the presence of a physical injury which resulted
from partner aggression.)